Conversation Modal Auxiliaries
Almira : Dandy, it's a considence to meet you here
Vina : Both of us are
going to go to Disneyland,would you a company us?
Dandy : I can't ,when will you go?
Almira : Actually tonightDandy : What?are you kidding me?
Vina : Why? It should
be fun if you join us
Dandy : Hmm.. Actually i must attend my brother's wedding
Almira : Come on...you have to join us,please
Vina : Yeah, let's go
crazy just like the good old time
Dandy : Still i can't
Vina : Haha i knew it
Dandy : Hey hey...... that's not true
Almira : Alright ,how about next week? You must be have a lot
of time
Dandy : Who says that!my scheaule is full cone on girls,
don't insist me like that
Vina : Hah...it's
possitive that you are affraid of clowns
Almira : Clowards. What a brave man
Dandy : Alright alright... I will go with you. But,first of
all im not affraid of clown ,and second of all you had better help me do my
homework
Vina : Yeah,whatever,but we still have to go tonight
Dandy : Come on.. Tonight? Huh alright alright.
Almira : You must be affraid of clown, right?
hujan pertama
Aku Lelah dan basah
Jalanan penuh orang yang menuju rumah
Di hujan pertama tahun ini
Aku dan kamu tidak sendiri
Angkot bergerak mengantar penumpang
Lagu lawas mengalun pelan
Suasana romantis meski sibuk masing-
masing
Seiring butiran embun yang membasahi
Pada jendela yang dingin
Subject Verb Agreement
SENTENCE
Subject + Verb
Example :
I work
She works
The car in the garage is mine
The man with the black jacket is my
father
The man who is standing before the door is my
father
BASIC RULE / PRINCIPLE
Singular subject need singular
verb
Plural subject need plural
verb
Example :
My brother is a
nutritionist.
My sister are mathematicians.
Tips and Tricks
NOTE :
The tricks is in knowing whether
the subject is singular or plural.
The next tricks is recognize a singular or plural verb.
RULE 1 – Indefinite Pronouns
The indefinite pronouns anyone, everyone, someone, no one,
nobody are always singular and,
therefore, require singular
verbs.
Everyone has done his
or her homework.
Somebody has left her
purse.
Nobody is in the room.
Exception 1 : all &
some
Some indefinite pronouns such
as all, some
are singular or plural depending on what
they are referring to. ( Is the thing referred to countable or not? ) Be
careful when choosing a verb to accompany such pronouns.
Some of
the books are missing.
Some of
the water is gone.
Exception 2 : None
None can be singular or plural depending on the noun that
follows.
None of
the students are in the class
None of
the food is fresh
Special case : Each
Each of students is responsible for his/her homework
Each of
the cars has different color
RULE 2 : Together with, as well as, and along with
Prashes such as together with, as well as, and along
with are not the same as and. They
don’t add or compound the subject.
Example :
The mayor, as well as his brothers, is going to prison.
The mayor and his
brother are going to Bali.
My friends, together with Rani, are at school.
Auditional explanation
Sometimes the subject is
separated from the verb by words such as along with, as well as, besides, or not. Ignore these expressions when determining whether to
use a singular or plural verb.
Example :
The politician,along with the newsmen, is expected shortly.
Excitement, as well as nervouseness, is the cause of her shaking.
RULE 3 : Subject separated
from the verb / appositive
Sometimes modifiers will get
between a subject and its verb, but these modifiers must not confuse the
agreement between the subject and its verb.
Example :
The mayor,
who has been convicted along with his four brothers on four counts of various
crimes but who also seems, like a cat, to have several political lives, is finally
going to jail.
RULE 4 : The pronouns of
Adjective clause
Sometimes the pronouns the
pronoun who, that, or which is the subject of a verb in the middle of the
sentence. The pronouns who, that, and which become singular or plural according
to the noun directly in front of them. So, if that noun is singular, use a
singular verb. If it is plural, use a plural verb.
Example :
Salma is
the scientist who writes
the reports.
The word in front of who is
scientist, which is singular. Therefore, use the singular verb writes.
He is one of the men who does the work.
The word in front of who is
men, whih is plural. Herefore, use the plural verb do.
RULE 5 : Either + Or and Neither + Nor
Or does not conjoin (as and does): when nor or
or is used the subject closer to the verb determines the
number of the verb. Wheter the subject comes before or after the verb doesn’t
matter :
Either my
father or my brother are going to sell the house.
Neither my brother nor my father is going to sell the house.
Are either my
brothers or my father responsible ?
Is either my
father or my brothers responsible ?
Pronouns : Either and Neither
The pronouns neither and
either are singular and require singular verbs even though
they seem to be referring, in a sense, to two things.
Example :
Neither of
the two traffic lights is working.
Either of us is capable of doing the job.
Which shirt do you want for
christmas ?
Either is fine with
me.
Be Careful !
In informal writing, neither and
either sometimes take a plural verb when these pronouns are
followed by a prepositional phrase beginning with of. This particulary true of
interrogative constructions.
Example :
“ Have either of you two clowns read the assigment ? “
“ Are either of you taking this seriously ? “
RULE 6: Pseudo Subject – There and Here
The words there and
here are never subjects. The real subjects come after the
verbs.
Example :
There are
two reasons (plural subject) for
this.
There is
no reason for this.
Here are two apples.
Here is the key.
RULE 7: Third Party Singular
– He, She, it, personal name
Verbs in the present tense for
third-person, singular subjects (he, she, it, and anything those words can
stand for: Rani, Dani, the cat, the table) have sending. Other verbs do not add
sendings.
Example:
She teaches Engish
Rani teaches English
The cat eats fish
It eats fish
Have has
He has good personality
It has beautiful fur
Remember !
Add – s / es only to present
verbs, not to past or past participle verbs. The past form of singular “be” is
“was”.
Example :
Singular Present :
She is there
Singular Past :
She was here
She takes the offer (v)
She tooks the offer (x)
She took the offer (v)
RULE 8: Words end in –s
Singular
Some words end in –s and
appear to be plural but are really singular and require singular verbs.
Example :
The news from
the front is bad.
Measles is a
dangerous disease for pregnant women.
Plural
But, some words end in –s and
appear to be plural and require plural verbs.
Example :
My assets were wiped out in the
depression.
The average worker”s earnings have gone up
dramatically.
Our thanks go to the workers who
supported the union.
List of Singular words end in –s
Diseases :
Measles, rabies, fields of
study and
Occuopation :
Economics, ethics, linguistics,
politics, phisics, gymnastics.
Games :
Dominoes, darts, cards.
Example :
Mathematics is my
favorite lesson.
List of Plural words end in –s (only
with certain meanings).
Customs (at the airport, not practices)
Guts (courage,
not intestine)
Quarters (lodgings, not 1/4s)
Clothes (garmets, not fabrics)
Goods (merchandise, not the opposite of bad)
Arms (weapons,
not limb)
Example :
The goods are in the
warehouse.
Nouns that are always plural
:
Pants
Clothes
Binoculars
Jeans
Forceps
Trousers
Tongs
Shorts
Tweezers
Pajamas
Police
Shorts
Glasses
Scissors
Goggles
Examples :
The scissors are on the
table.
The pair of the jeans needs to be washed.
RULE 9: Fractional
Expressions (Half
of, a part of, a precentage of, and so forth)
With words that indicate
portions – percent, fraction, part, majority, some, all, none, remainder, and
so forth – look at the noun in your of phrase (object of the preposition) to
determine whether to use a singular or plural verb. If the object of the
preposition is singular, use a singular verb. If the object of the preposition
is plural, use a plural verb.
Example :
Fifty percent of the pie has disappeared.
Pie is the object of the
preposition of.
Fifty percent of the pies have disappeared.
Pies is the object of the
preposition
One – third of the city is uneployed.
One – third of the people are
uneployed
RULE 10: Negative and Positive Subjects
If your sentence compound a
positive and negative subject and one is plural, the other singular, the verb
should agree with the positive subject.
Example :
The department members but not the chair have decide
not to teach on Valentine’s Day.
It is not the faculty members but the
president who decide this issue.
It was the speaker, not
his ideas, that has provoked the
students to riot.
RULE 11: Sum of money or periods
Use singular verb with sums of
money or periods of time.
Example :
Ten dollars is a high price to pay.
Five years is the maximum sentence for that.
Collective nouns
Collective nouns adalah nomina atau kata benda yang menunjukkan pada suatu kelompok/kumpulan orang, binatang, atau benda.Perhatikan contoh dan catatan untuk collective nouns berikut di bawah ini.
Collective nouns untuk kumpulan orang (groups of people), misalnya: family, crew, team, club, community, committee, choir, company, crowd, band, gang, orchestra, government, audience, army, etc.
Dalam kalimat, collective nouns dapat menggunakan singular atau plural verb, contoh:
- My family was happy to see me.- My family were happy to see me.
Nomina cattle, people, dan the police selalu memakai plural verb.
Jika suatu kumpulan itu berperan sebagai kesatuan sebuah kumpulan (single unit) saja, gunakan singular verb. Tetapi, jika kumpulan itu berperan atau melakukan suatu aktivitas, maka gunakan plural verb, contoh:
- The crowd was orderly.- The crowd were clapping, yelling and cheering.
Contoh lain kumpulan untuk orang (groups of people): crowd of shoppers, company of actors, class of schoolchildren, gang of thieves, panel of judges, platoon of soldiers.
Contoh collective nouns untuk kumpulan binatang (groups of animal) yang biasanya disertai kata tambahan tertentu: herd of cattle, flock of birds, drove of sheep, gaggle of geese, pack of wolves, pride of lions, pod of dolphins, school of fish, litter of puppies, troop of monkeys, brood of chickens, swarm of bees.
Contoh collective nouns kumpulan benda (groups of things) yang juga biasanya disertai kata tambahan tertentu: bunch of bananas, deck of cards, cluster of grapes, flight of steps, bunch of flowers, suite of rooms, bouquet of flowers, suite of furniture, range of mountains, set of tools, fleet of ships, string of beads, fleet of vehicles, grove of trees.
Contoh collective nouns yang menunjukkan jumlah atau bentuk dari suatu benda (the amount or form of something): loaf of bread, bar of soap, ball of string, bar of chocolate.
Catatan
Kata a piece of atau a slice of yang berarti sebagian, bagian, sepotong, atau sedikit, biasanya juga dapat menyertai sebuah kata benda.
Contoh:
- a slice/piece of bread
- a slice/piece of cheese
- a piece/square of chocolate
- a slice/piece of cake
- a sheet/piece of paper
- a piece of chalk
- a piece of information
- a piece of advice
Ada beberapa nomina yang selalu dipakai berpasangan (pair nouns), misalnya: binoculars, glasses, jeans, pants, pyjamas, scissors, shorts, tights, trousers.
Nomina berpasangan ini adalah nomina plural dan selalu memakai verba yang juga plural.
- My jeans need washing.- These tights were quite expensive.
- We've got some scissors somewhere.
Kata sandang (article) a/an atau pernyataan jumlah tidak boleh dipakai secara langsung padapair nouns, kecuali sebelumnya ditambahkan kata pair of.
- I need some jeans.- Laura bought four pairs of tights.
http://catatanbahasainggris.blogspot.com/2009/01/collective-nouns.html
Expression Conversation
Where we will go?Rinta: We have long holidays in this month. How about we spend our holidays in countryside?
Zakiya: Actually, I have a plan. How about we go to Bali? I have catalogue for our tour packages to Bali
Rinta: Really? Would you mind borrowing me the catalogue?
Zakiya: Of course not. Here it is.
Almira: Do you have another one?
Zakiya: Sorry, I just bring one
Rinta: Eun, I think that’s a great. It’s really interesting and the view in Bali is very beautiful. I want to take some picture there
Zakiya: So, would you want to join wth me?
Rinta: Sure, that’s a good idea. I’d love to know your opinion Almira?
Almira: That’s a good idea but Bali is too far and we must have much money. I suggest that you to Papuma Beach.
Zakiya: Would it be possible for us to go to there?
Almira: Sure, the view of Papuma beach is also beautiful and you can save your money.
Rinta: It’s also great idea Almira
Zakiya: It’s better I think. So, would you like to join us Almira?
Almira: Oh, I’m sorry I have another plan. My mom was sick and I want to be wih her and make quality time with her
Rinta: Oh dear, I symphatize with your mom condition. I hope she get well soon
Zakiya: I;m sorry to hear that. Pray for your mom and make sure you don’t catch a cold
Almira: Thank you guys. Enjoy your holiday
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